Coexistence in Qur’anic Discourse: An Analytical Study of Selected Islamic Etiquettes [التعايش في الخطاب القرآني: دراسة تحليلية لبعض الآداب الإسلامية المختارة]

Abstract

Coexistence is presented in the Qur’an as a foundational principle for any diverse society, even amidst religious differences. This value was exemplified in the life of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ in Madinah, where he lived peacefully alongside non-Muslims, particularly the Jews. His conduct provided a timeless model for harmonious living. The Qur’an prohibited initiating warfare without provocation, as stated: “And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-Al-Ḥarām (the sanctuary at Makkah), unless they (first) fight you…” [al-Baqarah: 191], emphasizing security over violence. Furthermore, the Qur’an encouraged justice and kindness toward peaceful non-Muslims: “Allah does not forbid you to deal justly and kindly with those who fought not against you on account of religion nor drove you out of your homes. Verily, Allah loves those who deal with equity...” [al-Mumtaḥanah: 8]. This study explores the Prophet’s approach and Qur’anic guidance on peaceful coexistence, highlighting Islam’s emphasis on stability, justice, and mutual respect. Using inductive and analytical methods followed by evaluation, the research concludes that Islamic law promotes peaceful coexistence and remains relevant across time and place. It underscores the necessity of appreciating the flexibility within Islamic teachings, reflecting their divine origin and the Prophet’s authenticity